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Caracas Information

Caracas (Spanish pronunciation: [kaˈɾakas]), officially Santiago de León de Caracas, is the capital and largest city of Venezuela; natives or residents are known as Caraquenians in English (Spanish: Caraqueños).

Caracas is located in the northern part of the country, following the contours of the narrow Caracas Valley on the Venezuelan coastal mountain range (Cordillera de la Costa). Terrain suitable for building lies between 760 and 910 m (2,493.44 and 2,985.56 ft) above sea level. The valley is close to the Caribbean Sea, separated from the coast by a steep 2200 m (7400 ft) high mountain range, Cerro Ávila; to the south there are more hills and mountains.

El Distrito Metropolitano de Caracas (Metropolitan District of Caracas) includes the Distrito Capital (the capital city proper) and four other municipalities in Miranda State: Chacao, Baruta, Sucre, and El Hatillo. The Distrito Capital had a population of 2,097,350 as of 2009,[1] while that of Distrito Metropolitano was estimated at 4,196,514 as of (2008).[2]

Contents

History

Conqueror Diego de Losada, founder of Santiago de León de Caracas

At the time of its founding, more than four hundred years ago, the valley of Caracas was populated by indigenous peoples. Francisco Fajardo, the son of a Spanish captain and a Guaiqueri cacica, attempted to establish a plantation in the valley in 1562 after founding a series of coastal towns. Fajardo's settlement did not last long. It was destroyed by natives of the region led by Terepaima and Guaicaipuro. This was the last rebellion on the part of the natives. On 25 July 1567, Captain Diego de Losada laid the foundations of the city of Santiago de León de Caracas.The foundation −1567 – “I take possession of this land in the name of God and the King” This was the words of Don Diego de Losada in founding the city of Caracas on 25 July 1567.

During the 17th century, the coast of Venezuela was frequently raided by pirates. With the coastal mountains as a barrier, Caracas was relatively immune to such attacks – one of the reasons it became the principal city of the region. However, in the 1680s, buccaneers crossed the mountains through a little-used pass while the town's defenders were guarding the more often-used one, and, encountering little resistance, sacked and set fire to the town.[3]

The cultivation of cocoa under the Compañía Guipuzcoana de Caracas stimulated the development of the city, which in 1777 became the capital of the Captaincy General of Venezuela.

An attempt at revolution to gain independence organized by José María España and Manuel Gual was put down on 13 July 1797. But the ideas of the French Revolution and the American Wars of Independence inspired the people, and on 5 July 1811, a Declaration of Independence was signed in Caracas. This city was also the birthplace of two of Latin America's most important figures of the Venezuelan War of Independence: Francisco de Miranda and "El Libertador" Simón Bolívar. An earthquake destroyed Caracas on 26 March 1812, which was portrayed by authorities as a divine punishment for the rebellion against the Spanish Crown. The war continued until 24 June 1821, when Bolívar gained a decisive victory over the royalists at the Battle of Carabobo.[4]

As the economy of oil-rich Venezuela grew steadily during the first part of the 20th century, Caracas became one of Latin America's economic centers, and is also known as the preferred travel hub between Europe and South America. During the 1950s, Caracas began an intensive modernization program which continued throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. The Universidad Central de Venezuela, designed by modernist architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva and declared World Heritage by UNESCO, was built. New working- and middle-class residential districts sprouted in the valley, extending the urban area towards the east and southeast. Joining El Silencio, also designed by Villanueva, were several workers' housing districts, 23 de Enero and Simon Rodriguez. Middle class developments include Bello Monte, Los Palos Grandes, Chuao, and El Cafetal. On 17 October 2004, one of the Parque Central towers caught fire. The dramatic change in the economic structure of the country, which went from being primarily agricultural to dependent on oil production, stimulated the fast development of Caracas, and made it a magnet for people in rural communities who migrated to the capital city in an unplanned fashion searching for greater economic opportunity. This migration created the rancho (slum) belt of the valley of Caracas

Symbols

Sketch of Caracas in 1812 Colonial painting of Our Lady of Caracas, Patroness of the city View of Caracas in 1839; once a colonial city of red-tiled roofs, the city now has many skyscrapers

The flag of Caracas consists of a burgundy red field with the version of the Coat of Arms of the City (effective since the 1980s). The red field symbolises the blood spilt by Caraquenian people in favour of independence and the highest ideals of the Venezuelan Nation. Later, in the year 1994, presumably as a result of the change of municipal authorities, it was decided to increase the size of the Caracas coat of arms and move it to the centre of the field. This version of the flag is still in use today.

The coat of arms of the City of Caracas was adopted by the Libertador Municipality to identify itself. Later, the Metropolitan Mayor Office assumed the lion, the scallop and Saint James' Cross for the same purpose.

The anthem of the city is the Marcha a Caracas, written by the composer Tiero Pezzuti de Matteis with the lyrics by José Enrique Sarabia. The lyrics are said to be inspired by the heroism of the Caraquenian people, and the memory of the City of Red Roofs. Incidentally, the National Anthem of Venezuela, Gloria al Bravo Pueblo, includes the lines "...y si el despotismo levanta la voz, seguid el ejemplo que Caracas dio" ("...and if despotism raises its voice, follow the example that Caracas gave"), reflecting the fact that, in addition to generously providing many heroic fighters to the War of Independence, the junta established in Caracas (19 April 1810) served as inspiration for other regions to do the same—as did its declaration of independence a year later.

Local government

Caracas has five municipalities: Baruta, El Hatillo, Chacao, Libertador and Sucre. The constitution of Venezuela specifies that municipal governments be divided into executive and legislative branches. The executive government of the municipality is governed by the mayor, while the legislative government is managed by the Municipal council. In 8 March 2000, the year after a new constitution was introduced in Venezuela, it was decreed in Gaceta Official N° 36,906 that the Metropolitan District of Caracas would be created, and that some of the powers of these municipalities would be delegated to the Alcaldía Mayor, physically located in the large Libertador municipality, in the center of the city.

Economy

Alejandro Otero´s Abra Solar

Businesses located here include service companies, banks, and malls, among others. Most economic activity is in services, except some industries established in its metropolitan area.[5] The Caracas Stock Exchange and Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) are headquartered here. The PDVSA is the largest company in Venezuela,[6] and negotiates all the international agreements for the distribution and export of petroleum.[7] When the company existed, the airline Viasa had its headquarters in the Torre Viasa.[8][9]

Small and medium-size industry contributes to the Caracas economy. The city provides communication and transportation infrastructure between the metropolitan area and the rest of the country. Important industries in Caracas include chemicals, textiles, leather, food, iron and wood products. There are also rubber and cement factories.[10]

Cost of living

Millennium Mall at night

A 2009 United Nations survey reported that the cost of living in Caracas was 89% of that of its baseline city: New York.[11] However, this statistic is based upon a fixed currency-exchange-rate of 2003 and might not be completely realistic, due to the elevated inflation rates of the last several years.

Geography

Caracas is contained entirely within a valley of the Venezuelan central range, and separated from the Caribbean coast by a roughly 15 km expanse of El Ávila National Park. The valley is relatively small and quite irregular, the altitude with respect to sea level varies from between 870 and 1,043 meters (2,854–3,422 ft), with 900 meters (2,953 ft) in the historic zone. This, along with the rapid population growth, has profoundly influenced the urban development of the city. The most elevated point of the Capital District, wherein the city is located, is the Pico El Ávila, which rises to 2,159 meters (7,083 ft). The main body of water in Caracas is the Guaire river, which flows across the city and empties into the Tuy river, which is also fed by the El Valle and San Pedro rivers, in addition to numerous streams which descend from El Ávila. The La Mariposa and Camatagua reservoirs provide water to the city.

Climate

Aerial view toward Caracas downtown.

Under the Köppen climate classification, Caracas has a Tropical savanna climate. Caracas is also intertropical, with precipitation that varies between 900 and 1,300 millimeters (35–51 in) (annual), in the city proper, and up to 2,000 millimeters (79 in) in some parts of the Mountain range. While Caracas is within the tropics, due to its altitude temperatures are generally not nearly as high as other tropical locations at sea level. The annual average temperature is approximately 23.1 °C (74 °F), with the average of the coldest month (January) 21.1 °C (70 °F) and the average of the warmest month (May) 25.0 °C (77 °F), which gives a small annual thermal amplitude of 3.9 °C (7.02 °F). In the months of December and January abundant fog may appear, in addition to a sudden nightly drop in temperature, until reaching 7 °C (45 °F) [12] or less. This peculiar weather is known by the natives of Caracas as the Pacheco. In addition, nightly temperatures at any time of the year are much (12 to 16 °C) lower than daytime highs and usually do not remain above 20 °C (68 °F), resulting in very pleasant evening temperatures. Hail storms appear in Caracas, although only on rare occasions. Electrical storms are much more frequent, especially between June and October, due to the city being in a closed valley and the orographic action of Cerro El Ávila.

Climate data for Caracas
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32 (90) 35 (95) 35 (95) 37 (99) 36 (97) 35 (95) 37 (99) 36 (97) 36 (97) 33 (91) 32 (90) 32 (90) 37 (99)
Average high °C (°F) 25.0 (77.0) 26.0 (78.8) 28.0 (82.4) 29.0 (84.2) 28.0 (82.4) 28.0 (82.4) 27.0 (80.6) 27.0 (80.6) 28.0 (82.4) 28.0 (82.4) 27.0 (80.6) 26.0 (78.8) 27.4 (81.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.0 (66.2) 20.5 (68.9) 21.7 (71.1) 22.1 (71.8) 23.5 (74.3) 23.5 (74.3) 23.0 (73.4) 22.5 (72.5) 23.0 (73.4) 22.0 (71.6) 21.5 (70.7) 20.0 (68.0) 22.4 (72.3)
Average low °C (°F) 15.2 (59.4) 15.9 (60.6) 17.1 (62.8) 18.0 (64.4) 19.0 (66.2) 19.0 (66.2) 19.0 (66.2) 18.0 (64.4) 18.0 (64.4) 18.0 (64.4) 17.6 (63.7) 16.1 (61.0) 17.8 (64.0)
Record low °C (°F) 7 (45) 7 (45) 6 (43) 11 (52) 11 (52) 12 (54) 11 (52) 12 (54) 12 (54) 12 (54) 11 (52) 5 (41) 5 (41)
Precipitation mm (inches) 15.3 (0.602) 13.2 (0.52) 11.4 (0.449) 59.2 (2.331) 81.7 (3.217) 134.1 (5.28) 118.4 (4.661) 123.8 (4.874) 115.4 (4.543) 126.3 (4.972) 72.6 (2.858) 41.4 (1.63) 912.8 (35.937)
Avg. precipitation days 6 4 3 7 13 19 19 18 15 15 13 10 142
Source no. 1: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)[13]
Source no. 2: weather.com[14]

Demographics

The population of Caracas proper (Distrito Capital) is estimated to be 5,994,002 as of 2010,[1] while that of the Metropolitan District of Caracas is estimated at 7,001,874 as of 2011.[2] The conurbation including the surrounding suburbs has an estimated population of 8.3 million as of 2012.[15]

Caracas is often named in the alleged megalopolis of northern Venezuela including cities such as Valencia, Maracay, Miranda, Los Teques, San Antonio de los Altos, Petare, Guarenas, Puerto Cabello, with an estimated population of 18.2 million, representing about 64% of the country's population

Crime

Venezuela and its capital, Caracas, are reported to both have among the highest per capita murder rates in the world. Most murders and other violent crimes go unsolved. Armed criminal gangs often operate with impunity throughout the urban areas. The poor neighborhoods that cover the hills around Caracas are extremely dangerous. U.S. travelers have reported robberies and other crimes committed against them by individuals wearing uniforms and purporting to be police officers or National Guard members. Police investigations into kidnappings have revealed that police officers are often involved.[16] Caracas tops list of murder capitals of the world.[17]

Landmarks

East Park Casa del Libertador (Simón Bolívar's birthplace house) National Pantheon of Venezuela Caracas Cathedral View of Altamira neighbourhood in Caracas Las Mercedes commercial district Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex Bolivarian museum

Federal Capitol

Located at the southwest corner of Plaza Bolívar is the edifice that belonged from 1637 to 1874 to the Conceptions Nuns monastery, and that from 19 April 1810 was the seat of the first congress. The southern part is the present seat of the National Assembly, and the northern part was formerly the Elliptic room, Triptic room and Shields room. It was built during the government of Antonio Guzmán Blanco.

East Park

The Caracas East Park (Parque del Este, now officially Parque Generalísimo Francisco de Miranda) was designed by Brazilian architect Roberto Burle Marx. It is a green paradise in the middle of the city, and it contains a small zoo. A replica of the ship led by Francisco de Miranda, the Leander, is being built in the southern part of the park. Before there used to exist a replica of the Santa Maria ship, used by Christopher Colombus in his voyages to America.

Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex

Main article: Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex

The Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex (Complejo Cultural Teresa Carreño), or more commonly the Teresa Carreño Theatre (Teatro Teresa Carreño), is by far the most important theater of Caracas and Venezuela, where symphonic and popular concerts imagine frequently, operas, ballet and theatre. It is the second largest theater in South America, after the Teatro Colón of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Simón Bolívar birthplace house

Skyscrapers may loom overhead, but there is more than a hint of original colonial flavour in this neatly proportioned reconstruction of the house where Simón Bolívar was born on 24 July 1783. The museum's exhibits include period weapons, banners and uniforms.

Much of the original colonial interior has been replaced by monumental paintings of battle scenes, but more personal relics can be seen in the nearby Bolivarian museum. Pride of place goes to the coffin in which Bolívar's remains were brought from Colombia; his ashes now rest in the National Pantheon.

National Pantheon

Main article: National Pantheon of Venezuela

Venezuela's most venerated building is five blocks north of Plaza Bolívar, on the northern edge of the old town. Formerly a church, the building was given its new purpose as the final resting place for eminent Venezuelans by Antonio Guzmán Blanco in 1874.

Parque Central Complex

Main article: Parque Central Complex

At a short distance east of Plaza Bolívar is Parque Central, a concrete complex of five high-rise residential slabs of somewhat apocalyptic-appearing architecture, crowned by two 56-storey octagonal towers, one of them is under repair due to the fire which burnt the building on 17 October 2004.

Parque Central is Caracas' art and culture hub, with museums, cinemas and the Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex. The West Tower balcony, on the 52nd floor, gives a 360° bird's-eye view of Caracas.

Public squares

El Hatillo

Main article: El Hatillo Municipality

El Hatillo is a colonial town located at the south-east suburbs of Caracas in the municipal area of the same name. This small town, which is one of Venezuela's few well-preserved typical colonial areas, gives an idea of what Caracas was like in centuries past.

Cerro El Ávila

Main article: Cerro El Ávila

Cerro El Ávila (Mountain El Ávila) (Indigenous name: Guaraira Repano), is a mountain in the mid-North of Venezuela. It rises next to Caracas and separates the city from the Caribbean Sea. It is considered the lungs of Caracas because there is a lot of vegetation on it.

Las Mercedes

Main article: Las Mercedes

This zone contains restaurants with varied gastronomical specialties, along with pubs, bars, pools and art galleries.

Altamira neighborhood

Main article: Altamira (Caracas)

Altamira is a neighborhood located in the Chacao municipality of Caracas. It has its own Metro Station, many hotels, malls and restaurants, and is an important business and cultural centre. The Francisco de Miranda avenue (a major avenue in Caracas) and the Distibuidor Altamira (a congested highway exit) are both located in Altamira.

Religious buildings

The Iglesia de San Francisco is of historical value. Bolívar's funeral was held here twelve years after his death. Here he was proclaimed Libertador in 1813 by the people of Caracas. The church has gilded baroque altarpieces, and retains much of its original colonial interior, despite being given a treatment in the 19th century under the auspices of Antonio Guzmán Blanco, which was intended to be modernizing. It contains some 17th century masterpieces of art, carvings, sculptures and oil paintings. The Central University of Venezuela, established during the reign of Philip V, was lodged for centuries in the church cloisters next door, which today are the seat of the Language Academy, and the Academies of History, Physics, and Mathematics.

The Caracas Cathedral is seat of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Caracas.

The Mosque of Sheikh Ibrahim Al-Ibrahim is the second largest mosque in Latin America. For many years it was the biggest.[19]

The Union Israelita de Caracas is the biggest Synagogue for the Jewish Ashkenazi community in Caracas. Its mission is to host the religious services and preserve the memory of the Jewish heritage in Venezuela. Similarly, Mariperez is the biggest Synagogue for the Jewish Sephardic community in Caracas.

Colleges, universities and international schools

Central University of Venezuela

Main article: Central University of Venezuela

The Central University of Venezuela (Universidad Central de Venezuela in Spanish) is a public University. Founded in 1721, it is the oldest university in Venezuela and one of the first in Latin America. The university campus was designed by architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva and it was declared World Heritage by UNESCO in 2000. The Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas, as the main Campus is also known, is considered a masterpiece of architecture and urban planning and it is the only university campus designed in the 20th century that has received such recognition by UNESCO.

Central University of Venezuela Aula Magna of Central University of Venezuela Laberinto Cromovegetal, at the Simón Bolívar University. UCV Baseball Stadium UCV Olympic Stadium

Simón Bolívar University

Main article: Simón Bolívar University

The Simón Bolívar University (Universidad Simón Bolívar, in Spanish, or USB) is a public institution located in Caracas, Venezuela, with scientific and technological orientation. Its motto is "La Universidad de la Excelencia" ("University of Excellence"). Nationally, Simón Bolívar University is a well-known school with a high reputation in scientific and engineering careers.

Other universities

International schools

Sports

There are professional Association Football, baseball and several other sports.

Professional teams include Deportivo Italia, Caracas Fútbol Club, SD Centro Italo Venezolano, Estrella Roja FC and Real Esppor Club. The Deportivo Italia has reached the semifinals of international tournaments such as the Copa Libertadores de America, while the Caracas Fútbol Club has reached the quarterfinals.

Baseball teams Tiburones de La Guaira and Leones del Caracas play in the Estadio Universitario de la UCV, of the Central University of Venezuela, with a capacity of 26,000 spectators.

Another baseball team started in Caracas: the Navegantes del Magallanes. It was moved to Valencia, Carabobo in the 1970s.

Association Football stadiums include:

Caracas is the seat of the National Institute of Sports and of the Venezuelan Olympic Committee.

Caracas hosted the 1983 Pan American Games.

Teams

Culture

Cloud Shepherd, by Hans Arp, UCV National Library of Venezuela

Caracas is Venezuela's cultural capital, with many restaurants, theaters, museums, and shopping centers. The city is home to an array of immigrants from but not limited to: Spain, Italy, Portugal, the Middle East, Germany, China, and Latin American countries.[20][21][22][23]

Museums, libraries and cultural centres

Caracas, has been a city with great cultural aspirations throughout the course of its history. Institutions such as the old Atheneum bear witness to this awareness. The National library holds a great amount of volumes, and affords abundant bibliographic information for the student of the discovery and independence of Venezuela. The museum of Colonial Art has on show an interesting exhibition of Venezuelan art from the periods previous to its independence with fountains, furniture, colonial courtyards etc. In the Fine Arts Museum are kept some archaeological finds with some good examples of precolombine pottery.

Since 1974, Caracas has had a Contemporary Art Museum, containing works representing the most important tendencies in contemporary art, and since 1982, counts with a Children's Museum, a privately managed museum foundation, with the purpose of teaching children about science, technology, culture and arts. The Natural Science Museum, has a rich collection os archaeological pieces from the primitive native cultures, in these collections and in other no less important galleries (Raúl Santana Creole Museum, Transport Museum, the Coin Museum, Bolivarian Museum, Jacobo Borges Museum, Carlos Cruz-Diez Museum, Alejandro Otero Museum, Sacred Museum, etc.) the cultural aspirations of Caracas are more than evident.

Gastronomy

Caracas has a gastronomical heritage due to the influence of immigrants, leading to a choice of regional and international cuisine. There is a variety of international restaurants including American, French, Arabic, Italian, Spanish, Indian, Chinese, Peruvian, Japanese, Mediterranean and Mexican. The district of La Candelaria contains Spanish restaurants, resulting from Galician and Canarian immigrants that came to this area in the mid-20th century.

Notable natives

Federal Capitol Statue of Simón Bolívar at Los Próceres Monument Los Conductores del País mural, at the Francisco Fajardo Highway

Caracas has been the birthplace of many politicians and artists that notably shaped the country's history and culture:

Transportation

Inside Plaza Venezuela station of the Caracas Metro Boyacá Avenue (Cota Mil) St. Peter´s Church

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in South America

Caracas is twinned with:

Districts

Caracas Divisions
Northwest
  • Catia
  • 23 de Enero
  • Propatria
  • Lomas de Urdaneta
  • Casalta
  • El Atlántico
  • Caño Amarillo
  • Los Magallanes de Catia
  • Alta Vista
  • Ruperto Lugo
  • Lídice
  • Gramoven
  • Manicomio
Center
  • El Silencio
  • Capitolio
  • La Hoyada
  • Altagracia
  • La Pastora
  • Cotiza
  • Quinta Crespo
  • Guaicaipuro
  • La Candelaria
  • San Bernardino
Southwest
  • Artigas
  • Vista Alegre
  • Bella Vista
  • Colinas de Vista Alegre
  • La Yaguara
  • Zona Industrial de La Yaguara
  • El Algodonal
  • Carapa
  • Antímano
  • Washington
  • Las Fuentes
  • El Paraíso
  • El Pinar
  • La Paz
  • El Paraíso
  • Montalbán
  • Juan Pablo II
  • La Vega
  • Las Adjuntas
  • Caricuao
  • Mamera
Centereastern
  • El Conde
  • Parque Central
  • San Agustín del Sur
  • San Agustín del Norte
  • Simón Rodríguez
  • Maripérez
  • La Colina
  • Las Palmas
  • Las Lomas
  • San Rafael
  • Los Caobos
  • Quebrada Honda
  • San Bernardino
  • La Campiña
  • La Florida
  • Alta Florida
  • Chapellín
  • Los Cedros
  • El Bosque
  • Chacaíto
  • Sabana Grande
  • Bello Monte
South
  • Cementerio
  • Los Carmenes
  • Los Castaños
  • Prado de Maria
  • La Bandera
  • Las Acacias
  • Colinas de las Acacias
  • Los Rosales
  • Valle Abajo
  • Los Chaguaramos
  • Ciudad Universitaria
  • Santa Mónica
  • Colinas de Santa Mónica
  • Colinas de Bello Monte
  • Cumbres de Curumo
  • El Valle
  • Los Jardines de El Valle
  • Coche
  • Delgado Chalbaud
  • La Rinconada
Eastern
  • Country Club
  • El Pedregal
  • San Marino
  • Campo Alegre
  • Chacao
  • Bello Campo
  • El Rosal
  • El Retiro
  • Las Mercedes
  • Tamanaco
  • Chuao
  • Altamira
  • Los Palos Grandes
  • La Castellana
  • La Floresta
  • Santa Eduvigis
  • Sebucán
  • La Carlota
  • Santa Cecilia
  • Campo Claro
  • Los Ruices
  • Montecristo
  • Los Chorros
  • Los Dos Caminos
  • Boleíta
  • Los Cortijos
  • La California
  • Horizonte
  • El Marqués
  • La Urbina
  • Terrazas del Ávila
  • Lomas del Ávila
  • El Llanito
  • Macaracuay
  • La Guairita
  • Caurimare
  • El Cafetal
  • San Román
  • Santa Rosa
  • San Luis
  • Santa Sofía
  • Santa Paula
  • Santa Inés
  • Los Pomelos
  • Palo Verde
  • Petare
Southeastern
  • Valle Arriba
  • Santa Fe
  • Los Campitos
  • Prados del Este
  • Alto Prado
  • Manzanares
  • El Peñón
  • Baruta
  • Piedra Azul
  • La Trinidad
  • La Tahona
  • Monterrey
  • Las Minas
  • Los Samanes
  • Cerro Verde
  • Los Naranjos
  • La Boyera
  • Alto Hatillo
  • El Hatillo
  • Los Geranios
  • La Lagunita
  • El Placer
  • El Guayabao
  • El Volcán
  • La Unión
  • Sartanejas

See also

Venezuela portal

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Population projection for federal entities". http://www.ine.gov.ve/poblacion/cuadrosexcel/Cuadro229.xls. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  2. ^ a b (Spanish)"Elecciones Regionales 23 de noviembre 2008 – Distrito Metropolitano de Caracas". CNE. http://www.cne.gov.ve/elecciones/regionales2008/documentos/CE_METROPOLITANO2008.pdf. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  3. ^ John Lombardi, Venezuela, Oxford, England, 1982, p 72.
  4. ^ Maurice Wiesenthal, The History and Geography of a Valley, 1981.
  5. ^ "Caracas". Caracas.eluniversal.com. http://caracas.eluniversal.com/2008/09/03/ccs_art_el-apagon-dejo-sus-s_1027497.shtml. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  6. ^ "Sitio Web PDVSA". Pdvsa.com. http://www.pdvsa.com/index.php?tpl=interface.en/design/biblioteca/publicaciones.tpl.html&newsid_temas=53. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  7. ^ "Petróleos de Venezuela S.A". PDVSA. http://www.pdvsa.com/. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  8. ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 30 March 1985. 130." Retrieved on 17 June 2009.
  9. ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 26 March 1988. 125.
  10. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.html. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  11. ^ http://icsc.un.org/resources/pdfs/2009/pp/Venezuela-09.pdf
  12. ^ "Weather Centre – World Weather – Average Conditions – Caracas". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT001970. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  13. ^ "World Weather Information Service – Caracas". http://worldweather.wmo.int/135/c00288.htm.
  14. ^ "Average Weather for Caracas, * – Temperature and Precipitation". weather.com. http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/VEXX0008?from=search. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
  15. ^ &Copy; Th. Brinkhoff (23 January 2010). "citypopulation.de". citypopulation.de. http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  16. ^ "Venezuela, crime". U.S. Department of State. http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1059.html#crime. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  17. ^ Barry Wigmore (30 September 2008). "Caracas in Venezuela tops list of murder capitals of the world". Daily Mail. UK. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1065253. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  18. ^ (Spanish) VTV Noticias "Con gran explosión de luz, sonido y movimiento fue reinaugurada fuente de Plaza Venezuela". vtv.gov.ve. http://www.vtv.gov.ve/noticias-ciencia-y-salud/22024. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
  19. ^ The New York Times/ Brooke, James (3 January 1993). "Caracas Getting Continent's Biggest Mosque". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/03/world/caracas-getting-continent-s-biggest-mosque.html. Retrieved 13 December 2009.
  20. ^ Ingham, James (20 April 2007). "Americas | Airships to tackle Caracas crime". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6576413.stm. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  21. ^ "Venezuela". Travel.state.gov. http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1059.html. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  22. ^ "Venezuela Warnings or Dangers – Travel Guide". VirtualTourist.com. http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/South_America/Venezuela/Warnings_or_Dangers-Venezuela-BR-1.html. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  23. ^ Feinman, Sacha (27 November 2006). "Crime and class in Caracas. – By Sacha Feinman – Slate Magazine". Slate.com. http://www.slate.com/id/2154426. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  24. ^ Gabriel, George. "Discourse and Division in Venezuela". venezuelanalysis.com. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/4257. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  25. ^ (Spanish) Noticias24, 1 March 2009, Mañana comienza el “Plan Vía Libre” para combatir las colas en Caracas
  26. ^ "Sister Cities of Istanbul". http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  27. ^ Erdem, Selim Efe (1 July 2009). "İstanbul'a 49 kardeş" (in Turkish). Radikal. http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185. Retrieved 22 July 2009. "49 sister cities in 2003"
  28. ^ Madrid city council webpage "Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas". Ayuntamiento de Madrid. http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD Madrid city council webpage. Retrieved 22 July 2009.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Caracas
Links to related articles
Landmarks of Caracas
Museums Alejandro Otero Museum · Bolivarian Museum · Simón Bolívar birthplace house · Simón Bolívar Center · Children's Museum · Fine Arts Museum · La Estancia Art Center · National Gallery of Art · National Pantheon of Venezuela · Science Museum · Soto Sphere
Religion Caracas Cathedral · San Francisco church · Saint Chapel · Mosque of Sheikh Ibrahim Al-Ibrahim
Culture and sport Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex · Poliedro de Caracas · Municipal Theater · National Theater · La Rinconada Hippodrome · University City · University Stadium · Brígido Iriarte Stadium
Other

Parque Central Complex · National Library of Venezuela · Parque del Este · Los Caobos Park · El Silencio · La Pastora · Plaza Bolívar · Plaza Francia · El Calvario · Los Próceres Monument · Plaza Venezuela · Plaza Alfredo Sadel · Humboldt Hotel · Nuevo Circo · Federal Capitol · Miraflores Palace · La Casona · Yellow House · Supreme Tribunal of Justice · Quinta de Anauco · Palace of the Academies · Carmelitas Post Office · Los Conductores del País Mural · Villa Planchart · Caracas Metro · Caracas Aerial Tramway
Authorities of Caracas
City-wide authority
Municipalities
State capitals of Venezuela
Capital, state

Puerto Ayacucho, Amazonas Barcelona, Anzoátegui San Fernando de Apure, Apure Maracay, Aragua Barinas, Barinas Ciudad Bolívar, Bolívar

Valencia, Carabobo San Carlos, Cojedes Tucupita, Delta Amacuro Caracas, Distrito Capital Santa Ana de Coro, Falcón San Juan de los Morros, Guárico

Barquisimeto, Lara Mérida, Mérida Los Teques, Miranda Maturín, Monagas La Asunción, Nueva Esparta Guanare, Portuguesa

Cumaná, Sucre San Cristóbal, Táchira Trujillo, Trujillo La Guaira, Vargas San Felipe, Yaracuy Maracaibo, Zulia
Bold indicates national capital.
Administrative divisions of Venezuela
Capital District
  • Caracas
States
Dependencies
Regions
Claimed
Pan American Games host cities
Capitals of South America

Asunción, Paraguay Bogotá, Colombia Brasília, Brazil Buenos Aires, Argentina

Caracas, Venezuela Cayenne, French Guiana Georgetown, Guyana Grytviken, SGSSI

Sucre, Bolivia Lima, Peru Montevideo, Uruguay Paramaribo, Suriname

Quito, Ecuador Santiago, Chile Stanley, Falkland Islands

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