Kremlin Information
A kremlin (Russian: кремль, tr. kreml; IPA: [ˈkrʲemlʲ], fortress), same root as in kremen (Russian: кремень, tr. kremen; IPA: [krʲɪˈmenʲ], flint) is a major fortified central complex found in historic Russian cities. This word is often used to refer to the most famous one, the Moscow Kremlin, or metonymically to the government that is based there. Outside Russia, the name Kremlin is sometimes mistakenly thought of as being Saint Basil's Cathedral because of its distinctive environment, although the cathedral is not a part of the Moscow Kremlin.
Russia's presidential administration is located in the Moscow Kremlin. During the Cold War the government of the USSR was located in the Moscow Kremlin but now the Russian government occupies a building outside it.
Contents |
The short list of Russian cities with kremlins
- World Heritage Sites
- Extant
- Astrakhan Kremlin
- Kolomna Kremlin
- Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin
- Pskov Kremlin
- Rostov Veliky Kremlin (a bishop residence, not formally considered a kremlin)
- Smolensk Kremlin
- Tobolsk Kremlin (the sole stone kremlin in Siberia)
- Tula Kremlin
- Zaraysk Kremlin
- Ivangorod Fortress (not formally considered a kremlin)
- Oreshek Fortress (not formally considered a kremlin)
- Staraya Ladoga
- Alexandrov Kremlin (a czar residence, not formally considered a kremlin)
- Korela Fortress (not formally considered a kremlin)
- Izborsk Kremlin
- In ruins
- Gdov Kremlin
- Porkhov Kremlin
- Serpukhov Kremlin
- Velikie Luki Kremlin
- Torzhok Kremlin
- Mozhaysk Kremlin
- Fortress of Koporye (not formally considered a kremlin)
- Vyazma Kremlin (one tower)
- Syzran Kremlin (one tower, 1683)
- Ufa
- Unwalled
- Vladimir Kremlin (Tower Golden Gate and bank)
- Dmitrov
- Ryazan
- Vologda (a bishop residence, not formally considered a kremlin)
- Yaroslavl (two towers)
- Pereslavl-Zalessky
- Khlynov (Vyatka)
- Volokolamsk
- Only traces
- Borovsk
- Opochka
- Zvenigorod
- Starodub
- Tver – a wooden fortress was burned down in a fire in 1763
- Sknyatino – underwater since flooding during the 1930s.
- Yam Fortress (not formally considered a kremlin)
- Fortress of Radonezh
- Ryazan
- Old Ryazan (60 km from modern Ryazan)
- Ostrov (traces of bank of fortress, 14-15 centuries)
- Belgorod (bank of fortress)
- Vereya
- Kaluga
- Kleshchin
- Kostroma
- Pustozyorsk
- Uglich
- Staritsa
- Sviyazhsk
- Cheboksary
- Yuryev-Polsky
- Aleksin
- Opochka
- Oryol
- Rurikovo gorodishche
- Mtsensk
- Modern imitations
- Izmaylovo Kremlin
Kremlins outside borders of modern Russia
After the disintegrations of the Kievan Rus, the Russian Empire and the USSR, some fortresses considered Kremlin-type, remained beyond the borders of modern Russia. Some are listed below:
- Belz, Ukraine (only traces)
- Kiev, Ukraine (reconstructed tower of the Golden Gate)
- Chełm, Poland (only traces)
- Putyvl, Ukraine
- Novhorod-Siverskyi, Ukraine
- Grodno, Belarus (only traces under the castle)
- Chernihiv, Ukraine (only traces)
- Kamyanyets, Belarus (shafts and Belaya Vezha tower)
- Belgorod Kievsky, Ukraine (now village Belgorodka)
Many Russian monasteries have been built in a fortress-like style similar to that of a kremlin. For a partial list, see Monasteries in Russia.
Further reading
- Воронин Н. Н. Владимир, Боголюбово, Суздаль, Юрьев-Польской. М.: Искусство, 1967.
- Кирьянов И. А. Старинные крепости Нижегородского Поволжья. Горький: Горьк. книжн. изд., 1961.
- Косточкин В. В. Русское оборонное зодчество конца XIII — начала XVI веков. М.: Издательство Академии наук, 1962.
- Крадин Н. П. Русское деревянное оборонное зодчество". М.: Искусство, 1988.
- Раппопорт П. А. Древние русские крепости. М.: Наука, 1965.
- Раппопорт П. А. Зодчество Древней Руси. Л.: Наука, 1986.
- Раппопорт П. А. Строительное производство Древней Руси (X—XIII вв.). СПб: Наука, СПб, 1994.
- Сурмина И. О. Самые знаменитые крепости России. М.: Вече, 2002.
- Тихомиров М. Н. Древнерусские города. М.: Гос. изд. полит. лит-ры, 1956.
- Яковлев В. В. Эволюция долговременной фортификации. М.: Воениздат, 1931.
See also
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kreml |
- Citadel
- Media related to Fortresses in Russia at Wikimedia Commons
References
External links
- Russian Fortification Architecture
- Man sues Russian Government to own Moscow Kremlin (RT article)
- Twelve Russian Kremlins
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