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Us Definition

-us

See also Appendix:Variations of "us" See also -uus, and -ys

Contents

Esperanto

Etymology

The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, -us are related, and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:

This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to -u.

Suffix

-us

  1. Ending of the conditional in verbs.

Estonian

Etymology

Cognate with Finnish -us.

Suffix

-us (genitive -use, partitive -ust)

  1. Derives nouns from verbs.
    armastama "to love" > armastus "love"
    võistlema "to compete" > võistlus "competition"
    joonistama "to draw" > joonistus "a drawing"

Declension

This Estonian entry needs an inflection template

Derived terms

Estonian words suffixed with -us

Finnish

Etymology 1

Generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (eg. ihastua → ihastus, menestyä → menestys) and nominals (eg. etu- → edus, palvelu → palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (eg. keski- → dial. kesku- → keskus). Compare -os.

Suffix

-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys)

  1. A deverbal suffix that describes an action or event. Form -us is used with stems containing back vowels and -ys with front vowels.
    -us
    kuvata (“to describe”) → kuvaus (“description”)
    pakata (“to pack”) → pakkaus (“package”)
    -ys
    ylentää (“to promote”) → ylennys (“promotion”)
    hälyttää (“to alarm”) → hälytys (“an alarm”)
  2. A denominal suffix forming a variety of nouns resembling or associated with the root word.
    -us
    kanta (“base”) → kannus (“spur”)
    sormi (“finger”) → sormus (“ring”)
    vasta- (“counter-”) → vastus (“resistance, opposition”)
    -ys
    kehä (“circle, ring”) → kehys (“frame”)
    syli (“bosom, lap”) → sylys (“armful”)
    typerä (“stupid”) → typerys (“fool”)
Declension
Declension of -us (type vastaus)
singular plural
nominative -us -ukset
genitive -uksen -usten -uksien
partitive -usta -uksia
accusative -us -uksen -ukset
inessive -uksessa -uksissa
elative -uksesta -uksista
illative -ukseen -uksiin
adessive -uksella -uksilla
ablative -ukselta -uksilta
allative -ukselle -uksille
essive -uksena -uksina
translative -ukseksi -uksiksi
instructive – -uksin
abessive -uksetta -uksitta
comitative – -uksineen
Declension of -ys (type vastaus)
singular plural
nominative -ys -ykset
genitive -yksen -ysten -yksien
partitive -ystä -yksiä
accusative -ys -yksen -ykset
inessive -yksessä -yksissä
elative -yksestä -yksistä
illative -ykseen -yksiin
adessive -yksellä -yksillä
ablative -ykseltä -yksiltä
allative -ykselle -yksille
essive -yksenä -yksinä
translative -ykseksi -yksiksi
instructive – -yksin
abessive -yksettä -yksittä
comitative – -yksineen

Etymology 2

Suffix

-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys)

  1. A short form of the suffix -uus which turns adjectives into nouns. Used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel.
Declension
Declension of -us (type kalleus)
singular plural
nominative -us -udet
genitive -uden -uksien
partitive -utta -uksia
accusative -us -uden -udet
inessive -udessa -uksissa
elative -udesta -uksista
illative -uteen -uksiin
adessive -udella -uksilla
ablative -udelta -uksilta
allative -udelle -uksille
essive -utena -uksina
translative -udeksi -uksiksi
instructive – -uksin
abessive -udetta -uksitta
comitative – -uksineen
Declension of -us (type kalleus)
singular plural
nominative -us -ydet
genitive -yden -yksien
partitive -yttä -yksiä
accusative -us -yden -ydet
inessive -ydessä -yksissä
elative -ydestä -yksistä
illative -yteen -yksiin
adessive -ydellä -yksillä
ablative -ydeltä -yksiltä
allative -ydelle -yksille
essive -ytenä -yksinä
translative -ydeksi -yksiksi
instructive – -yksin
abessive -ydettä -yksittä
comitative – -yksineen

Hungarian

Pronunciation

Suffix

-us

  1. Diminutive suffix.
    apa (father) → apus (dad)
    Kata (Kate) → Katus (Katie)
    cica (cat) → cicus (kitty)
    kutya (dog) → kutyus (pooch, puppy)
  2. A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It is not considerable as an independent Hungarian suffix.
    agronómus (“agronomist”)

Usage notes

(diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people's given names, but also of common nouns, ususally ending in a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.

See also

References

Old French

Alternative forms

Suffix

-us

  1. -ous, used for forming adjectives

Derived terms

Descendants

 

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